Page 58 - IJES Special Issues for AIEC2016

48 © Ba-Naimoon, and Hamid 2016 | Stabilization/Solidification

Figure 1: Frequency of S/S treatment use compared to other technologies (USEPA, 2001)

- Redevelopment of a former manufactured gas burrows to depths exceeding 50 cm as shown in
plant site as a research park in Cambridge, Figure 2.
Massachusetts using cement-based S/S treat-
ment Figure 2: Heavily oiled tidal flat along the
northeast coast of Saudi Arabia shortly after the
- Reuse of the S/S treated arsenic and creosote
impacted soil at a former wood treating site as 1991 spill.
a base for pavement in Port Newark, New Habitats exposed to the greatest amount of
Jersey. wave activity, such as the outer sand beaches,
contain the smallest but a major amount of oil,
- Augusta manufactured gas plant clean-up which is buried by a few centimeters (about 20
using cement-based S/S in Augusta, Georgia. cm) of clean sediment. Ecological recovery was
lowest in mangroves and salt marshes, with
- Reuse of New York Harbor sediments after S/S over 80% of the upper intertidal zones having
treatment of the sediments. reduced species richness and a disturbed
community structure, as depicted in Figure 3.
- S/S of contaminated soil at 90th South Battery
Site, West Jordan, Utah.

3. Soil Contamination in Saudi Arabia

Two decades ago, the northern half of the
Arabian Gulf was hit by the heaviest and worst
oil spill in history during which an estimated
8,100,000 cubic meters of oiled sediments
remained within shoreline habitats ranging
from exposed rocky shores to highly sheltered
mud flats. Approximately 70% of the oiled
sediments occur in sheltered habitats (mud
tidal flats and salt marshes) mostly as oiled crab
burrows with liquid oil remaining in the

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