Page 121 - IJES Special Issues for AIEC2016

International Journal of Environment and Sustainability, 2016, 5(2): 18-29 21

Table 1

Structure of the EERA Joint Programme on Smart Cities.

EERA Joint Programme- Smart Cities Sub-Programme 3
Sub-Programme 1 Energy Sub-Programme 2 Energy-efficient Interactive Sub-Programme 4
in Cities Urban Energy Networks Buildings Urban City-related Supply
Technologies
WP 1 Smart Cities Visions WP 1 Smart Energy Districts WP 1 Building Design WP 1 Framework for
WP 2 Energy Data for Cities WP 2 Urban Network WP 2 Envelope Solutions Development of Multi-
WP 3 New Decision Support Integration Data System for WP 3 Energy Management purpose Component-oriented
Tools for Energy Roadmaps Cities and Grids Interaction Models
and Action Plans WP 3 Human Factors: the WP 4 User Interaction WP 2 Development of
WP 4 Living Lab Concepts Citizen-City Interaction WP 5 Support Strategies Component-oriented Model
WP 5 Key Performance Libraries
Indicators (KPIs) WP 3 System Integration
WP 6 Interaction with Other WP 4 City-Industry
Sustainable City Aspects Interaction
WP 5 Technology
Assessment
WP 6 Scientific Methods for
Quality Assessment for
Urban-related Energy Supply
Technologies

Taskforce on Simulation Platform Development

2. Advanced Local Energy Matching in on-site energy generation and optimizing the
Future Smart Hybrid Networks Using management of the buildings’ interactions with
Semi-virtual Building Emulation Project the grids through measures of energy conver-
sion and storage. This should follow a syste-
The EU legislation of the Energy Performance of matic approach that seeks the best matching
Buildings Directive (EPBD) requires all new capability of energy demand and generation
buildings to be nearly zero-energy buildings while allowing the highest level of export of
(nZEB) from 2021 (The European Parliament, energy to different grids with minimal negative
2010). In order to meet this challenge, the steps impacts on the grids.
that should be taken are to increase the energy
efficiency of buildings in order to greatly reduce The project includes the following activities:
the building’s energy demand and to signifi-
cantly enhance the on-site energy generation by - Development of analytical and conceptual
renewable energy. Since most renewable approaches, including thermodynamic analy-
energy generations are uncontrollable and sis of different paths of energy flow in build-
intermittent, this will lead to high mismatch ings.
between the on-site generated energy and the
building’s energy demand, which will impose its - Finding the characteristics of energy de-
negative impact on the energy grids. Examples mands and on-site renewable energy genera-
include the impact on the electrical grid due to tion for selected Finnish zero-energy build-
the high levels of electricity generated in ings.
summer by high penetration of photovoltaic
panels or the electricity consumed in winter due - Analysing the local matching of the generaed
to higher use of heat pumps to produce heat energy with the demand using high and low
energy. The successful realisation of nZEBs resolution measurement data.
requires studying the building’s demand and
- Building, testing, and operation of an energy
management system (EMS) that can make

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